Installing from source

Pre-requisites

• A machine running Ubuntu 20.04 or Debian 11 that you have root access to
• A domain name (or a subdomain) for the Mastodon server, e.g. example.com
• An e-mail delivery service or other SMTP server

You will be running the commands as root. If you aren’t already root, switch to root: sudo su -

System repositories

Make sure curl, wget, gnupg, apt-transport-https, lsb-release and ca-certificates is installed first:

apt install -y curl wget gnupg apt-transport-https lsb-release ca-certificates

Node.js

curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_16.x | bash -

PostgreSQL

wget -O /usr/share/keyrings/postgresql.asc https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/postgresql.asc] http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/postgresql.list

System packages

apt update
apt install -y \
  imagemagick ffmpeg libpq-dev libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev file git-core \
  g++ libprotobuf-dev protobuf-compiler pkg-config nodejs gcc autoconf \
  bison build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev \
  zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev libgdbm-dev \
  nginx redis-server redis-tools postgresql postgresql-contrib \
  certbot python3-certbot-nginx libidn11-dev libicu-dev libjemalloc-dev

Yarn

corepack enable
yarn set version classic

Installing Ruby

We will be using rbenv to manage Ruby versions, because it’s easier to get the right versions and to update once a newer release comes out. rbenv must be installed for a single Linux user, therefore, first we must create the user Mastodon will be running as:

adduser --disabled-login mastodon

We can then switch to the user:

su - mastodon

And proceed to install rbenv and rbenv-build:

git clone https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv.git ~/.rbenv
cd ~/.rbenv && src/configure && make -C src
echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'eval "$(rbenv init -)"' >> ~/.bashrc
exec bash
git clone https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build.git ~/.rbenv/plugins/ruby-build

Once this is done, we can install the correct Ruby version:

RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS=--with-jemalloc rbenv install 3.0.6
rbenv global 3.0.6

We’ll also need to install bundler:

gem install bundler --no-document

Return to the root user:

exit

Setup

Setting up PostgreSQL

Performance configuration (optional)

For optimal performance, you may use pgTune to generate an appropriate configuration and edit values in /etc/postgresql/15/main/postgresql.conf before restarting PostgreSQL with systemctl restart postgresql

Creating a user

You will need to create a PostgreSQL user that Mastodon could use. It is easiest to go with “ident” authentication in a simple setup, i.e. the PostgreSQL user does not have a separate password and can be used by the Linux user with the same username.

Open the prompt:

sudo -u postgres psql

In the prompt, execute:

CREATE USER mastodon CREATEDB;
\q

Done!

Setting up Mastodon

It is time to download the Mastodon code. Switch to the mastodon user:

su - mastodon

Checking out the code

Use git to download the latest stable release of Mastodon:

git clone https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon.git live && cd live
git checkout $(git tag -l | grep -v 'rc[0-9]*$' | sort -V | tail -n 1)

Installing the last dependencies

Now to install Ruby and JavaScript dependencies:

bundle config deployment 'true'
bundle config without 'development test'
bundle install -j$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
yarn install --pure-lockfile

Generating a configuration

Run the interactive setup wizard:

RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake mastodon:setup

This will:

• Create a configuration file
• Run asset precompilation
• Create the database schema

The configuration file is saved as .env.production. You can review and edit it to your liking. Refer to the documentation on configuration.

You’re done with the mastodon user for now, so switch back to root:

exit

Setting up nginx

Copy the configuration template for nginx from the Mastodon directory:

cp /home/mastodon/live/dist/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-available/mastodon
ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mastodon /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mastodon

Then edit /etc/nginx/sites-available/mastodon to replace example.com with your own domain name, and make any other adjustments you might need.

Reload nginx for the changes to take effect:

systemctl reload nginx

Acquiring a SSL certificate

We’ll use Let’s Encrypt to get a free SSL certificate:

certbot --nginx -d example.com

This will obtain the certificate, automatically update /etc/nginx/sites-available/mastodon to use the new certificate, and reload nginx for the changes to take effect.

At this point you should be able to visit your domain in the browser and see the elephant hitting the computer screen error page. This is because we haven’t started the Mastodon process yet.

Setting up systemd services

Copy the systemd service templates from the Mastodon directory:

cp /home/mastodon/live/dist/mastodon-*.service /etc/systemd/system/

If you deviated from the defaults at any point, check that the username and paths are correct:

$EDITOR /etc/systemd/system/mastodon-*.service

Finally, start and enable the new systemd services:

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now mastodon-web mastodon-sidekiq mastodon-streaming

They will now automatically start at boot.